Ampere-hour (Ah): The result of multiplying the current in amperes by the time in hours, which is used to indicate the battery capacity.

Electrolyte: An intermediary that allows ion conduction between the positive and negative electrodes of a cell. This intermediary can be solid or liquid.

Negative electrode: An electrode with a negative charge, which acts as an anode during discharge and as a cathode during charge.

Positive electrode: An electrode with a positive charge, which acts as a cathode during discharge and as an anode during charge.

Overcharge: Continuous application of charging current to a cell or battery after it has reached its maximum charge state.

Overdischarge: Forcing the discharge of a cell or battery beyond its full capacity.

Primary batteries: Batteries that are not rechargeable after use and are essentially disposable.

Secondary batteries: Batteries that are rechargeable.

Terminal: External electrical connections of a cell or battery.

Separator: An insulating layer that physically separates electrodes with opposite polarity, must be permeable to electrolyte ions. Their other function can be to store or stabilize the electrolyte.

Self-discharge: The decrease in the capacity of a cell or battery due to chemical reactions inside the cell when it is in an open circuit condition (without drawing external current).

Deep discharge: Discharging a battery until it reaches 100% discharge.

Float application: In this state, the battery is connected in parallel to both the load and the charger (or rectifier) simultaneously, thus a constant voltage is continuously applied to the load, keeping the battery fully charged in a way that it is ready to supply the load continuously without interruption.

Cyclic application: In this state, the battery is periodically charged and discharged.

Cycle life: The total number of expected cycles a battery can perform at a given discharge rate.

Capacity: The amount of electricity or electric charge that a fully charged battery can deliver under specific conditions, expressed in ampere-hours.

Rated capacity: The output capacity of a battery in terms of ampere-hours at a specific discharge rate before the voltage reaches a certain predetermined final value as declared by the manufacturer. In lead-acid batteries, rated capacity is usually measured at a 20-hour or 10-hour rate.

Internal resistance: A term referring to the resistance within a battery, including the resistance of the electrolyte, positive and negative plates, and separators.

End voltage or Cut-off voltage: In the discharge state, the minimum defined voltage for a cell or battery below which the battery does not operate, and using the battery below this voltage is not recommended due to irreversible processes. In the charge state, this voltage is chosen to ensure that the battery reaches a full overcharge state with minimal gassing.

Cell: The smallest unit that a battery is composed of, including negative and positive plates, separator, and electrolyte. In lead-acid batteries, the nominal voltage of a cell is 2 volts.

Depth of Discharge (D.O.D): The depth of discharge capacity of a battery.

Introduction of Electric Vehicles (EVs and Hybrids)

Standard Certificate

A visit by a member of the board of directors of Iran's Dairy Industries Company and accompanying delegation to the Pega

Increasing the use of recycled plastic bottles in the beverage industry

Properties of apples in following up and treating diseases